<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Mathsetmat: Enigmes, jeux, paradoxes]]></title><description><![CDATA[Petites énigmes et jeux mathématiques !]]></description><link>https://mathsetmat.substack.com/s/enigmes-et-jeux</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOnC!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32da22b5-8849-4285-9a28-780c72afc6b1_193x193.png</url><title>Mathsetmat: Enigmes, jeux, paradoxes</title><link>https://mathsetmat.substack.com/s/enigmes-et-jeux</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sun, 24 May 2026 17:55:18 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://mathsetmat.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Mathieu Pascal]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[fr]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[mathsetmat@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[mathsetmat@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Mathieu Pascal]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Mathieu Pascal]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[mathsetmat@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[mathsetmat@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Mathieu Pascal]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Visiter la lune avec l'escalier en papier !]]></title><description><![CDATA[D&#233;couvrez un r&#233;sultat spectaculaire en lien avec des pliages d'une feuille de papier.]]></description><link>https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/visiter-la-lune-avec-lescalier-en</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/visiter-la-lune-avec-lescalier-en</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Mathieu Pascal]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 22 Jun 2023 15:48:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0255d7d7-5bcb-49d4-9fbe-e58da8135b72_1195x680.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Avez-vous d&#233;j&#224; essay&#233; de <strong>plier </strong>plusieurs fois une feuille A4 en 2 ? On entend souvent qu&#8217;il est impossible de r&#233;p&#233;ter l&#8217;op&#233;ration plus de 7 fois, et il suffit d&#8217;essayer pour s&#8217;en convaincre !</p><p>Mais les math&#233;matiques poss&#232;dent un sacr&#233; avantage sur les autres disciplines : il y est possible de s&#8217;affranchir des limites physiques ! Aujourd&#8217;hui, nous allons donc essayer de voir ce qu&#8217;il se passe si nous plions un feuille A4 autant de fois qu&#8217;on le souhaite ! La question peut sembler sans int&#233;r&#234;t, et pourtant elle permet d&#8217;illustrer de fa&#231;on spectaculaire les fameuses croissances exponentielles !</p><p></p><h1>1. Une histoire de pliages</h1><p>Commen&#231;ons par regarder les dimensions d&#8217;une feuille A4 : </p><p>Longueur = 29,7 cm / Largeur = 21 cm / &#201;paisseur = 0,1 mm</p><p>Lorsque nous plions en 2 une feuille, nous nous retrouvons avec un nouveau morceau de papier dont la longueur et la largeur sont 2 fois plus petites, mais dont <strong>l&#8217;&#233;paisseur est doubl&#233;e </strong>!</p><p>Apr&#232;s 1 pliage, l&#8217;&#233;paisseur obtenue est donc de 0,2 mm. Int&#233;ressons-nous aux diff&#233;rentes &#233;paisseurs successives obtenues :</p><p>0,1 mm / 0,2 mm / 0,4 mm / 0,8 mm &#8230;   ces &#233;paisseurs doublent &#224; chaque fois, si bien que l&#8217;on se retrouve avec un morceau de papier de plus en plus grand !</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpU7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2f87659-d1a2-41b8-b1b0-3fd6197ef9f4_267x284.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpU7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2f87659-d1a2-41b8-b1b0-3fd6197ef9f4_267x284.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpU7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2f87659-d1a2-41b8-b1b0-3fd6197ef9f4_267x284.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpU7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2f87659-d1a2-41b8-b1b0-3fd6197ef9f4_267x284.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpU7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2f87659-d1a2-41b8-b1b0-3fd6197ef9f4_267x284.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpU7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2f87659-d1a2-41b8-b1b0-3fd6197ef9f4_267x284.png" width="267" height="284" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e2f87659-d1a2-41b8-b1b0-3fd6197ef9f4_267x284.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:284,&quot;width&quot;:267,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:17474,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpU7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2f87659-d1a2-41b8-b1b0-3fd6197ef9f4_267x284.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpU7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2f87659-d1a2-41b8-b1b0-3fd6197ef9f4_267x284.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpU7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2f87659-d1a2-41b8-b1b0-3fd6197ef9f4_267x284.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpU7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2f87659-d1a2-41b8-b1b0-3fd6197ef9f4_267x284.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Voici la question &#224; laquelle je vais vous demander de proposer une r&#233;ponse de fa&#231;on tr&#232;s intuitive :</p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>&#8220;Combien de pliages successifs doit-on r&#233;aliser pour que l&#8217;&#233;paisseur obtenue soit &#233;gale &#224; la distance Terre-lune, soit 384 000 km ?&#8221;</strong></p></div><p>Je vous l&#8217;accorde, il semble difficile d&#8217;y r&#233;pondre. Mais essayez au moins de donner un <strong>ordre de grandeur</strong> (10 ? 100 ? 1 000? 1 000 000 000 ?) !</p><p></p><h1>2. Plier jusqu&#8217;&#224; la lune, &#231;a ne nous fait pas peur !</h1><p>Lan&#231;ons-nous dans les calculs ! Pour faciliter la chose, nous allons exprimer toutes les longueurs en m&#232;tre.</p><p>L&#8217;&#233;paisseur de la feuille vaut donc 0,1 mm = 0,0001 m et la distance Terre-Lune est de 384 000 km = 384 000 000 m</p><p>Notons <strong>N le nombre de pliages effectu&#233;s</strong>. Nous avons d&#233;j&#224; vu qu&#8217;a chaque pliage, l&#8217;&#233;paisseur double.</p><p><strong>Pliage 1</strong> : 0,0001 &#215; 2</p><p><strong>Pliage 2 </strong>: 0,0001 &#215; 2 &#215; 2 = 0,0001 &#215; 2&#178;</p><p><strong>Pliage 3</strong> : 0,0001 &#215; 2&#178; &#215; 2 = 0,0001 &#215; 2^3</p><p>&#8230;</p><p><strong>Pliage N </strong>: 0,0001 &#215; 2^N</p><p>Nous sommes capables d&#8217;exprimer l&#8217;<strong>&#233;paisseur </strong>obtenue en m&#232;tre apr&#232;s <strong>N pliages </strong>: 0,0001 &#215; 2^N.</p><p>Il suffit maintenant de r&#233;soudre l&#8217;&#233;quation suivante, pour que cette &#233;paisseur soit &#233;gale &#224; la distance Terre-lune. Vous pouvez passer la r&#233;solution si vous ne voulez pas vous emb&#234;ter avec, celle-ci est de niveau terminale scientifique.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IOoB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77c15595-13fe-4a9b-a48f-bd3231e9b34d_834x286.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IOoB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77c15595-13fe-4a9b-a48f-bd3231e9b34d_834x286.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IOoB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77c15595-13fe-4a9b-a48f-bd3231e9b34d_834x286.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IOoB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77c15595-13fe-4a9b-a48f-bd3231e9b34d_834x286.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IOoB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77c15595-13fe-4a9b-a48f-bd3231e9b34d_834x286.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IOoB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77c15595-13fe-4a9b-a48f-bd3231e9b34d_834x286.png" width="834" height="286" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77c15595-13fe-4a9b-a48f-bd3231e9b34d_834x286.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:286,&quot;width&quot;:834,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:42850,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IOoB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77c15595-13fe-4a9b-a48f-bd3231e9b34d_834x286.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IOoB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77c15595-13fe-4a9b-a48f-bd3231e9b34d_834x286.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IOoB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77c15595-13fe-4a9b-a48f-bd3231e9b34d_834x286.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IOoB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77c15595-13fe-4a9b-a48f-bd3231e9b34d_834x286.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Et voil&#224;, nous connaissons une expression du nombre de pliages &#224; faire ! Il nous suffit de regarder sa valeur (gigantesque c&#8217;est certain ?) &#224; la calculatrice : <strong>N &#8776; 42</strong>.</p><p><strong>Pardon : 42 !!!? </strong></p><p>Exactement ! Il suffirait seulement de 42 pliages d&#8217;une feuille d&#8217;&#233;paisseur 0,1 mm pour obtenir une pile de hauteur d&#233;passant la distance Terre-lune. J&#8217;esp&#232;re que vous &#234;tes &#233;bloui par ce r&#233;sultat !</p><p></p><h3>3. Un probl&#232;me de grains de bl&#233; !</h3><p>Il existe un probl&#232;me historique similaire bien connu. </p><p>Un sage vient d&#8217;inventer le jeu d&#8217;&#233;checs, et demande au roi en r&#233;compense qu&#8217;il lui offre 1 grain de bl&#233; sur la 1&#232;re case, 2 sur la 2nde, 4 sur la 3e, 8 sur la 4e ect, en doublant &#224; chaque fois le nombre de grains de bl&#233; sur les 64 cases du plateau.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ymwy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7765f70a-5b4b-41b0-a890-c4502a900a7e_473x378.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ymwy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7765f70a-5b4b-41b0-a890-c4502a900a7e_473x378.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ymwy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7765f70a-5b4b-41b0-a890-c4502a900a7e_473x378.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ymwy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7765f70a-5b4b-41b0-a890-c4502a900a7e_473x378.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ymwy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7765f70a-5b4b-41b0-a890-c4502a900a7e_473x378.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ymwy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7765f70a-5b4b-41b0-a890-c4502a900a7e_473x378.png" width="473" height="378" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7765f70a-5b4b-41b0-a890-c4502a900a7e_473x378.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:378,&quot;width&quot;:473,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:58145,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ymwy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7765f70a-5b4b-41b0-a890-c4502a900a7e_473x378.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ymwy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7765f70a-5b4b-41b0-a890-c4502a900a7e_473x378.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ymwy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7765f70a-5b4b-41b0-a890-c4502a900a7e_473x378.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ymwy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7765f70a-5b4b-41b0-a890-c4502a900a7e_473x378.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le roi accepte, sans se douter de son erreur ! En effet, rien que la derni&#232;re case devrait contenir 2^63 grains ce qui vaut 9 223 372 036 854 775 808. Ce nombre est 500 fois plus &#233;lev&#233; que la production mondiale de bl&#233; en 2012, rendez-vous compte !</p><p></p><p>Je ne rentrerai par dans le d&#233;tail des <strong>croissances exponentielles</strong> (une prochaine fois). Dans le langage commun, ce terme est utilis&#233; pour parler de ph&#233;nom&#232;nes qui &#233;voluent &#224; vitesse extr&#234;mement rapide. Ceci est totalement justifi&#233; math&#233;matiquement. </p><p>Ici, pour passer de l&#8217;&#233;paisseur du tas (ou du nombre de grains) au suivant, nous multiplions toujours par une quantit&#233; fixe : 2. Ceci d&#233;crit exactement une croissance exponentielle, et vous pouvez voir &#224; quelle vitesse elle permet de passer de 0,0001 m &#224; 384 000 000 m, d&#233;fiant toute notre intuition !</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mathsetmat.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Inscrivez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://mathsetmat.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Inscrivez-vous maintenant</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le plus court chemin & la rivière !]]></title><description><![CDATA[Une petite &#233;nigme autour d'un trajet. Saurez-vous aider Mario &#224; parcourir le moins de distance possible ?]]></description><link>https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/le-plus-court-chemin-and-la-riviere</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/le-plus-court-chemin-and-la-riviere</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Mathieu Pascal]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2023 17:32:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f77d3df9-f657-4e3d-9ea6-643b616f74d7_294x295.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1><strong>1. Rentrer au ch&#226;teau par la rivi&#232;re&nbsp;!</strong></h1><p>Mario doit rentrer &#224; son ch&#226;teau. Avant cela, il doit passer par la rivi&#232;re. La question est simple&nbsp;: quel trajet doit-il faire pour parcourir<strong> le moins de distance</strong> possible&nbsp;? Autrement dit, par quel point de la rivi&#232;re doit-il passer&nbsp;?<br>Pour mieux comprendre, voici un sch&#233;ma&nbsp;:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJHo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb248ff33-986f-4adc-810f-056d4535e297_479x203.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJHo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb248ff33-986f-4adc-810f-056d4535e297_479x203.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJHo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb248ff33-986f-4adc-810f-056d4535e297_479x203.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJHo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb248ff33-986f-4adc-810f-056d4535e297_479x203.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJHo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb248ff33-986f-4adc-810f-056d4535e297_479x203.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJHo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb248ff33-986f-4adc-810f-056d4535e297_479x203.png" width="479" height="203" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b248ff33-986f-4adc-810f-056d4535e297_479x203.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:203,&quot;width&quot;:479,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:14680,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJHo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb248ff33-986f-4adc-810f-056d4535e297_479x203.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJHo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb248ff33-986f-4adc-810f-056d4535e297_479x203.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJHo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb248ff33-986f-4adc-810f-056d4535e297_479x203.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJHo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb248ff33-986f-4adc-810f-056d4535e297_479x203.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Mario peut donc passer par n&#8217;importe quel point de la rivi&#232;re. Convenons d&#8217;une chose qui j&#8217;esp&#232;re est &#233;vidente&nbsp;: il va se d&#233;placer en <strong>ligne droite</strong> jusqu&#8217;&#224; la rivi&#232;re, et en ligne droite de la rivi&#232;re jusqu&#8217;au ch&#226;teau. Par exemple, suivre le trajet suivant&nbsp;:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qk3u!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c2ad45e-8917-47dc-ae0a-682fe08d74c1_646x257.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qk3u!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c2ad45e-8917-47dc-ae0a-682fe08d74c1_646x257.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qk3u!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c2ad45e-8917-47dc-ae0a-682fe08d74c1_646x257.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qk3u!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c2ad45e-8917-47dc-ae0a-682fe08d74c1_646x257.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qk3u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c2ad45e-8917-47dc-ae0a-682fe08d74c1_646x257.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qk3u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c2ad45e-8917-47dc-ae0a-682fe08d74c1_646x257.png" width="646" height="257" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6c2ad45e-8917-47dc-ae0a-682fe08d74c1_646x257.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:257,&quot;width&quot;:646,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:27877,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qk3u!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c2ad45e-8917-47dc-ae0a-682fe08d74c1_646x257.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qk3u!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c2ad45e-8917-47dc-ae0a-682fe08d74c1_646x257.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qk3u!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c2ad45e-8917-47dc-ae0a-682fe08d74c1_646x257.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qk3u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c2ad45e-8917-47dc-ae0a-682fe08d74c1_646x257.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>J&#8217;ai affich&#233; les <strong>distances </strong>des 2 petits trajets, puis la <strong>distance totale</strong> parcourue. Si je change le point A sur la rivi&#232;re, j&#8217;obtiens un r&#233;sultat diff&#233;rent&nbsp;:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tr94!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba7106d-d9e7-49e2-92fd-1f73ce30edbf_648x290.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tr94!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba7106d-d9e7-49e2-92fd-1f73ce30edbf_648x290.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tr94!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba7106d-d9e7-49e2-92fd-1f73ce30edbf_648x290.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tr94!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba7106d-d9e7-49e2-92fd-1f73ce30edbf_648x290.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tr94!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba7106d-d9e7-49e2-92fd-1f73ce30edbf_648x290.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tr94!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba7106d-d9e7-49e2-92fd-1f73ce30edbf_648x290.png" width="648" height="290" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2ba7106d-d9e7-49e2-92fd-1f73ce30edbf_648x290.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:290,&quot;width&quot;:648,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:27535,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tr94!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba7106d-d9e7-49e2-92fd-1f73ce30edbf_648x290.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tr94!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba7106d-d9e7-49e2-92fd-1f73ce30edbf_648x290.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tr94!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba7106d-d9e7-49e2-92fd-1f73ce30edbf_648x290.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tr94!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ba7106d-d9e7-49e2-92fd-1f73ce30edbf_648x290.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>On voit que ce second trajet est moins int&#233;ressant car plus long.<br>Mais alors, je repose la question&nbsp;: comment faire pour <strong>minimiser la distance</strong>&nbsp;?</p><p>Cela semble difficile&#8230; je vous laisse y r&#233;fl&#233;chir un peu, avant de vous pr&#233;senter la solution&nbsp;(juste en dessous, n&#8217;en lisez pas plus si vous souhaiter y r&#233;fl&#233;chir !).</p><p></p><p>____________________________________________________________________________</p><p>Pour r&#233;pondre &#224; ce probl&#232;me, il faut en fait utiliser un r&#233;sultat tr&#232;s simpliste, que nous avons d&#233;j&#224; &#233;voqu&#233;&nbsp;:&nbsp;&#171;&nbsp;La distance la plus courte entre 2 points est&#8230;<strong>la ligne droite&nbsp;!</strong>&nbsp;&#187;.</p><p>Nous allons commencer par tracer le <strong>sym&#233;trique </strong>du ch&#226;teau par rapport &#224; la rivi&#232;re, j&#8217;appelle C&#8217; ce point (le sym&#233;trique est sur la <strong>perpendiculaire </strong>&#224; la rivi&#232;re, et est &#224; <strong>&#233;gale distance</strong> de la rivi&#232;re.) Je trace ensuite le trajet de Mario jusqu&#8217;au sym&#233;trique C&#8217;.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1CwW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58e44e70-a57b-4ca3-8ea2-92b9983b0de3_664x357.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1CwW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58e44e70-a57b-4ca3-8ea2-92b9983b0de3_664x357.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1CwW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58e44e70-a57b-4ca3-8ea2-92b9983b0de3_664x357.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1CwW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58e44e70-a57b-4ca3-8ea2-92b9983b0de3_664x357.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1CwW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58e44e70-a57b-4ca3-8ea2-92b9983b0de3_664x357.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1CwW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58e44e70-a57b-4ca3-8ea2-92b9983b0de3_664x357.png" width="664" height="357" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/58e44e70-a57b-4ca3-8ea2-92b9983b0de3_664x357.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:357,&quot;width&quot;:664,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:32811,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1CwW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58e44e70-a57b-4ca3-8ea2-92b9983b0de3_664x357.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1CwW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58e44e70-a57b-4ca3-8ea2-92b9983b0de3_664x357.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1CwW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58e44e70-a57b-4ca3-8ea2-92b9983b0de3_664x357.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1CwW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58e44e70-a57b-4ca3-8ea2-92b9983b0de3_664x357.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Pour <strong>minimiser </strong>la distance, il faut alors passer par le point A de la rivi&#232;re, qui est celui par lequel passe le chemin pr&#233;c&#233;demment trac&#233;&nbsp;!</p><p>En effet, le trajet de Mario au point C&#8217; est le plus court (la ligne droite&nbsp;!). Or, la distance de A &#224; C&#8217; est la m&#234;me que celle de A au ch&#226;teau&nbsp;(cela vient du fait que nous avons trac&#233; le sym&#233;trique). Finalement, c&#8217;est bien le trajet <strong>le plus court</strong>&nbsp;! Ici, cette distance minimale vaut 6,15&nbsp;!</p><p>De fa&#231;on g&#233;n&#233;rale, pour avoir le plus court chemin pour aller d&#8217;un point A &#224; un point B en passant par une droite (d), il faut :</p><ul><li><p>Tracer le sym&#233;trique B&#8217; de B par rapport &#224; (d).</p></li><li><p>Tracer le segment [AB&#8217;].</p></li><li><p>Nommer C le point d&#8217;intersection entre le segment pr&#233;c&#233;dent et (d).</p></li><li><p>Le plus court chemin consiste alors &#224; faire le trajet de A &#224; C puis de C &#224; B.</p></li></ul><p></p><p></p><h1>2. Attention &#224; la ligne droite&nbsp;!</h1><p>Je tiens &#224; rectifier une affirmation que nous avons faite&nbsp;: &#171;&nbsp;Le trajet le plus court entre 2 points est la ligne droite&nbsp;&#187;. Oui&#8230;mais&nbsp;!</p><p>En fait, ce r&#233;sultat est vrai en <strong>g&#233;om&#233;trie &#171; classique&nbsp;&#187;</strong>, ce dont nous avons l&#8217;habitude de faire &#224; l&#8217;&#233;cole, sur des <strong>plans</strong>.</p><p>Sur des <strong>globes </strong>par exemple, ceci n&#8217;est plus vraiment valable. Il y a une situation qui permet de bien l&#8217;illustrer&nbsp;: les trajets des <strong>avions</strong>. Voici diff&#233;rents <strong>parall&#232;les </strong>sur le globe (repr&#233;sent&#233;s &#224; plat sur un planisph&#232;re). Il y a en particulier le 43e, passant par Toulouse et Toronto.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WxeP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4adcc33e-2053-4754-8278-ed1eb9586953_600x237.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WxeP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4adcc33e-2053-4754-8278-ed1eb9586953_600x237.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WxeP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4adcc33e-2053-4754-8278-ed1eb9586953_600x237.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WxeP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4adcc33e-2053-4754-8278-ed1eb9586953_600x237.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WxeP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4adcc33e-2053-4754-8278-ed1eb9586953_600x237.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WxeP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4adcc33e-2053-4754-8278-ed1eb9586953_600x237.png" width="600" height="237" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4adcc33e-2053-4754-8278-ed1eb9586953_600x237.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:237,&quot;width&quot;:600,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:231513,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WxeP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4adcc33e-2053-4754-8278-ed1eb9586953_600x237.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WxeP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4adcc33e-2053-4754-8278-ed1eb9586953_600x237.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WxeP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4adcc33e-2053-4754-8278-ed1eb9586953_600x237.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WxeP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4adcc33e-2053-4754-8278-ed1eb9586953_600x237.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Voici maintenant le trajet suivi par les avions pour rejoindre ces 2 villes, qui bien &#233;videmment est minimal (pour &#233;conomiser le carburant) :</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rYgI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F716de600-f89d-43c7-b696-df938b96d7f2_600x210.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rYgI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F716de600-f89d-43c7-b696-df938b96d7f2_600x210.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rYgI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F716de600-f89d-43c7-b696-df938b96d7f2_600x210.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rYgI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F716de600-f89d-43c7-b696-df938b96d7f2_600x210.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rYgI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F716de600-f89d-43c7-b696-df938b96d7f2_600x210.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rYgI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F716de600-f89d-43c7-b696-df938b96d7f2_600x210.jpeg" width="600" height="210" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/716de600-f89d-43c7-b696-df938b96d7f2_600x210.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:210,&quot;width&quot;:600,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:29415,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rYgI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F716de600-f89d-43c7-b696-df938b96d7f2_600x210.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rYgI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F716de600-f89d-43c7-b696-df938b96d7f2_600x210.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rYgI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F716de600-f89d-43c7-b696-df938b96d7f2_600x210.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rYgI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F716de600-f89d-43c7-b696-df938b96d7f2_600x210.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Oui, on ne semble plus suivre les lignes droites du planisph&#232;re&#8230;</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mathsetmat.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Inscrivez-vous&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Renseignez votre mail pour re&#231;evoir mes prochains articles d&#232;s leur parution, et n&#8217;h&#233;sitez pas &#224; partager pour soutenir ce travail !</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Inscrivez-vous"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Comment doubler sa vitesse moyenne ? ]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#201;nigme et pr&#233;sentation de la moyenne harmonique.]]></description><link>https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/comment-doubler-sa-vitesse-moyenne</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/comment-doubler-sa-vitesse-moyenne</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Mathieu Pascal]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 11 Sep 2022 13:22:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1cc93d0b-62b2-4c57-beb7-18baf5b9d88e_640x426.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Voici une petite <strong>&#233;nigme</strong> li&#233;e &#224; un trajet en voiture ! Avant de vous pr&#233;senter l&#8217;&#233;nonc&#233;, je vais vous donner 2 consignes ! La premi&#232;re : tentez de donner une r&#233;ponse &#171; <strong>intuitive </strong>&#187; (voire plusieurs !) au probl&#232;me. Puis prenez le temps de trouver la r&#233;ponse par vous-m&#234;me (pour cela : munissez-vous de papier et d&#8217;un crayon !).</p><p>Voici la situation : <strong>&#171; Vous effectuez un trajet Paris &#8211; Marseille en voiture, soit 1 000 km. Vous vous arr&#234;tez &#224; mi-chemin et constatez que vous avez roul&#233; &#224; une vitesse moyenne de 100 km/h. Quelle doit &#234;tre votre vitesse sur le reste du trajet pour avoir une vitesse moyenne de 200 km/h sur l&#8217;ensemble du trajet ? &#187;</strong>.</p><p><em>L&#8217;&#233;nonc&#233; est fictif, notamment les vitesses mises en jeu. Bien &#233;videmment : on respecte les limitations au volant !</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J5kT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbafe4c99-cfff-45a0-9f40-2c5cf1e15dd5_2163x587.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J5kT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbafe4c99-cfff-45a0-9f40-2c5cf1e15dd5_2163x587.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J5kT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbafe4c99-cfff-45a0-9f40-2c5cf1e15dd5_2163x587.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J5kT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbafe4c99-cfff-45a0-9f40-2c5cf1e15dd5_2163x587.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J5kT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbafe4c99-cfff-45a0-9f40-2c5cf1e15dd5_2163x587.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J5kT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbafe4c99-cfff-45a0-9f40-2c5cf1e15dd5_2163x587.png" width="1456" height="395" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bafe4c99-cfff-45a0-9f40-2c5cf1e15dd5_2163x587.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:395,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:133317,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J5kT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbafe4c99-cfff-45a0-9f40-2c5cf1e15dd5_2163x587.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J5kT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbafe4c99-cfff-45a0-9f40-2c5cf1e15dd5_2163x587.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J5kT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbafe4c99-cfff-45a0-9f40-2c5cf1e15dd5_2163x587.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J5kT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbafe4c99-cfff-45a0-9f40-2c5cf1e15dd5_2163x587.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em> </em></p><p>Attention, partie suivant pr&#233;sente la solution de l&#8217;&#233;nigme !</p><p></p><h1>1. La solution de l&#8217;&#233;nigme</h1><p>Pour commencer, rappelons qu&#8217;une vitesse est le rapport entre la distance et le temps : <strong>v = d/t</strong> (d&#8217;o&#249; l&#8217;unit&#233; des km/h : la distance divis&#233;e par le temps). De cette formule, nous pouvons exprimer le temps par : <strong>t = d/v</strong>.<br>Dans notre probl&#232;me, calculons le temps mis pour faire la premi&#232;re moiti&#233; du trajet soit 500km : t = d/v = 500/100 = 5.</p><p>A mi-chemin, nous avons roul&#233; <strong>5h.</strong></p><p>Calculons maintenant le temps que l&#8217;on doit mettre pour faire l&#8217;ensemble du trajet, soit 1 000km &#224; une vitesse moyenne de 200 km/h : t = d/v = 1 000/200 = <strong>5h.</strong></p><p>Il faut donc rouler 5h pour faire le trajet entier &#224; 200 km/h.</p><p>Oups ! A mi-chemin, nous avons d&#233;j&#224; roul&#233; 5h&#8230; En fait, il faudrait se t&#233;l&#233;porter instantan&#233;ment&#8230; Quel que soit votre vitesse, <strong>vous ne pourrez pas satisfaire le probl&#232;me</strong> ! M&#234;me la lumi&#232;re et ses 300 000 km/s (par seconde !) sont insuffisants !<br>Les calculs sont formels. Je suis persuad&#233; que si vous ne connaissiez pas ce probl&#232;me, il vous a surpris ! Avouez que cela n&#8217;est pas du tout intuitif (d&#8217;ailleurs : comparez avec votre intuition de d&#233;part !).<br>Je vous propose de creuser un peu ces histoires de vitesses moyennes.</p><p></p><h1>2. Moyennes de vitesses</h1><p>Dans cette partie, il y aura quelques calculs. Pas forc&#233;ment m&#233;chants, mais je comprends que cela puisse rebuter. Vous pouvez donc lire l&#8217;article sans vous pr&#233;occuper des calculs !</p><p>Partons d&#8217;un nouveau probl&#232;me. <strong>Vous montez un col &#224; v&#233;lo &#224; une vitesse moyenne v1 de 20 km/h. Une fois en haut, vous redescendez &#224; une vitesse v2 de 60 km/h.</strong></p><p>Quelle est votre vitesse moyenne sur l&#8217;ensemble de votre parcours ? Notez qu&#8217;ici, on ne connait pas la distance parcourue (cela ne change rien &#224; la question, vous verrez !). On va noter d la distance pour monter au col. Pour redescendre, la distance est aussi de d.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmJX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6448fde-be0d-4fa5-93e1-2faa56c94047_1760x532.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmJX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6448fde-be0d-4fa5-93e1-2faa56c94047_1760x532.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmJX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6448fde-be0d-4fa5-93e1-2faa56c94047_1760x532.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmJX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6448fde-be0d-4fa5-93e1-2faa56c94047_1760x532.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmJX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6448fde-be0d-4fa5-93e1-2faa56c94047_1760x532.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmJX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6448fde-be0d-4fa5-93e1-2faa56c94047_1760x532.jpeg" width="638" height="192.8021978021978" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a6448fde-be0d-4fa5-93e1-2faa56c94047_1760x532.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:440,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:638,&quot;bytes&quot;:68921,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmJX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6448fde-be0d-4fa5-93e1-2faa56c94047_1760x532.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmJX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6448fde-be0d-4fa5-93e1-2faa56c94047_1760x532.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmJX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6448fde-be0d-4fa5-93e1-2faa56c94047_1760x532.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmJX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6448fde-be0d-4fa5-93e1-2faa56c94047_1760x532.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p> Lan&#231;ons-nous ! Pour connaitre la vitesse moyenne, nous devons connaitre :</p><p><strong>1.</strong> La distance parcourue : d &#224; l&#8217;aller et d au retour, donc 2d en tout.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Le temps de trajet :</p><ul><li><p><strong>A l&#8217;aller</strong> : on parcourt la distance d &#224; 20 km/h. On a donc : t1 = d/v1 = d/20</p></li><li><p><strong>Au retour</strong> : on parcourt d &#224; 60 km/h. On a donc : t2 = d/v2 = d/60</p></li><li><p><strong>Temps total</strong> : d/20 + d/60</p></li></ul><p>On calcule alors la vitesse moyenne :</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZoUV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa653ab1-08ed-48c6-b527-338149352e65_508x491.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZoUV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa653ab1-08ed-48c6-b527-338149352e65_508x491.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZoUV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa653ab1-08ed-48c6-b527-338149352e65_508x491.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZoUV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa653ab1-08ed-48c6-b527-338149352e65_508x491.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZoUV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa653ab1-08ed-48c6-b527-338149352e65_508x491.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZoUV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa653ab1-08ed-48c6-b527-338149352e65_508x491.png" width="468" height="452.33858267716533" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fa653ab1-08ed-48c6-b527-338149352e65_508x491.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:491,&quot;width&quot;:508,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:468,&quot;bytes&quot;:41570,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZoUV!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa653ab1-08ed-48c6-b527-338149352e65_508x491.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZoUV!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa653ab1-08ed-48c6-b527-338149352e65_508x491.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZoUV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa653ab1-08ed-48c6-b527-338149352e65_508x491.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZoUV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa653ab1-08ed-48c6-b527-338149352e65_508x491.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p> Le cycliste a donc roul&#233; &#224; une vitesse moyenne de 30km/h.<br>Remarquez bien que cette valeur moyenne n&#8217;est pas celle dont nous avons l&#8217;habitude. G&#233;n&#233;ralement, lorsque l&#8217;on pense moyenne de 20 et 60 on calcule (20+60)/2 = 40 : on appelle cela la <strong>moyenne arithm&#233;tique</strong>. C&#8217;est celle que l&#8217;on utilise pour connaitre notre moyenne &#224; l&#8217;&#233;cole !</p><p>Pour des vitesses, la moyenne utilis&#233;e est dite <strong>harmonique</strong>. Si l&#8217;on prend 2 nombres a et b, leur moyenne harmonique est d&#233;finie par : </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LxuH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0676074b-693d-4f2c-9fb7-ad8b0c206ba8_88x98.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LxuH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0676074b-693d-4f2c-9fb7-ad8b0c206ba8_88x98.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LxuH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0676074b-693d-4f2c-9fb7-ad8b0c206ba8_88x98.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LxuH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0676074b-693d-4f2c-9fb7-ad8b0c206ba8_88x98.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LxuH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0676074b-693d-4f2c-9fb7-ad8b0c206ba8_88x98.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LxuH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0676074b-693d-4f2c-9fb7-ad8b0c206ba8_88x98.png" width="88" height="98" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0676074b-693d-4f2c-9fb7-ad8b0c206ba8_88x98.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:98,&quot;width&quot;:88,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3092,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LxuH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0676074b-693d-4f2c-9fb7-ad8b0c206ba8_88x98.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LxuH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0676074b-693d-4f2c-9fb7-ad8b0c206ba8_88x98.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LxuH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0676074b-693d-4f2c-9fb7-ad8b0c206ba8_88x98.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LxuH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0676074b-693d-4f2c-9fb7-ad8b0c206ba8_88x98.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ceci correspond exactement au probl&#232;me du cycliste ! La vitesse moyenne lors d&#8217;un trajet aller &#224; la vitesse v1 et la vitesse v2 au retour est donn&#233; par la moyenne harmonique des vitesses : </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dMdY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c95b215-dc53-4141-815d-969da1e2b1b9_115x110.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dMdY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c95b215-dc53-4141-815d-969da1e2b1b9_115x110.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dMdY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c95b215-dc53-4141-815d-969da1e2b1b9_115x110.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dMdY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c95b215-dc53-4141-815d-969da1e2b1b9_115x110.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dMdY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c95b215-dc53-4141-815d-969da1e2b1b9_115x110.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dMdY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c95b215-dc53-4141-815d-969da1e2b1b9_115x110.png" width="115" height="110" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1c95b215-dc53-4141-815d-969da1e2b1b9_115x110.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:110,&quot;width&quot;:115,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3628,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dMdY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c95b215-dc53-4141-815d-969da1e2b1b9_115x110.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dMdY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c95b215-dc53-4141-815d-969da1e2b1b9_115x110.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dMdY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c95b215-dc53-4141-815d-969da1e2b1b9_115x110.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dMdY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c95b215-dc53-4141-815d-969da1e2b1b9_115x110.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Pour v&#233;rifier cette formule g&#233;n&#233;rale, il s&#8217;agit essentiellement de faire les calculs d&#233;j&#224; faits dans l&#8217;exemple du cycliste. Je vous laisse le soin de le faire par vous-m&#234;me si l&#8217;envie vous prend !<br>Il est assez int&#233;ressant de noter comme annonc&#233; que cela est ind&#233;pendant de la distance parcoure !</p><p></p><h1>3. L&#8217;&#233;nigme via la moyenne harmonique</h1><p>Revenons &#224; notre probl&#232;me initial et traitons-le &#224; l&#8217;aide de notre nouvelle formule.<br>Ici, la premi&#232;re vitesse est de 100 km/h et nous voulons une vitesse moyenne de 200 km/h. Comme nous le savons maintenant, la distance de trajet n&#8217;est pas importante. Traduisons cela en &#233;quation.</p><p>Nous cherchons la vitesse v sur la deuxi&#232;me moiti&#233; du trajet telle que la moyenne harmonique de 100 et de v soit &#233;gale &#224; 200 :</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jsrL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7ee237f-e91c-43d1-bbc0-9a9dd807d236_299x366.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jsrL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7ee237f-e91c-43d1-bbc0-9a9dd807d236_299x366.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jsrL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7ee237f-e91c-43d1-bbc0-9a9dd807d236_299x366.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jsrL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7ee237f-e91c-43d1-bbc0-9a9dd807d236_299x366.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jsrL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7ee237f-e91c-43d1-bbc0-9a9dd807d236_299x366.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jsrL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7ee237f-e91c-43d1-bbc0-9a9dd807d236_299x366.png" width="299" height="366" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c7ee237f-e91c-43d1-bbc0-9a9dd807d236_299x366.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:366,&quot;width&quot;:299,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:17248,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jsrL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7ee237f-e91c-43d1-bbc0-9a9dd807d236_299x366.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jsrL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7ee237f-e91c-43d1-bbc0-9a9dd807d236_299x366.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jsrL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7ee237f-e91c-43d1-bbc0-9a9dd807d236_299x366.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jsrL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7ee237f-e91c-43d1-bbc0-9a9dd807d236_299x366.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p> Ceci signifie que notre &#233;quation de d&#233;part est &#233;quivalente &#224; l&#8217;&#233;quation 0 = 2000. Autrement dit, aucune vitesse v ne peut satisfaire l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; (sinon cela &#233;quivaudrait &#224; 0 = 2000). Il n&#8217;y a pas de r&#233;ponse &#224; notre probl&#232;me, comme nous le savions d&#233;j&#224; !</p><p>En conclusion, j&#8217;aimerais insister sur cette nouvelle moyenne dite harmonique. Ce probl&#232;me de vitesse nous a permis d&#8217;aboutir &#224; cette jolie formule, que l&#8217;on pr&#233;sente rarement dans la scolarit&#233; ! Sachez qu&#8217;il existe encore d&#8217;autres moyennes (quadratique, g&#233;om&#233;trique&#8230;) et qu&#8217;elles apparaissent dans des situations bien concr&#232;tes. Il faudra que je prenne le temps de vous les pr&#233;senter !</p><p></p><h1>4. Petits compl&#233;ments</h1><p><strong>1.</strong> Voici la formule qui donne la moyenne harmonique de k nombres (tous strictement positifs) n1, n2, ..., nk :</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvmG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b138305-fd7c-409e-bf87-d1faa07fa36b_277x116.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvmG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b138305-fd7c-409e-bf87-d1faa07fa36b_277x116.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvmG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b138305-fd7c-409e-bf87-d1faa07fa36b_277x116.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvmG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b138305-fd7c-409e-bf87-d1faa07fa36b_277x116.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvmG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b138305-fd7c-409e-bf87-d1faa07fa36b_277x116.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvmG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b138305-fd7c-409e-bf87-d1faa07fa36b_277x116.png" width="277" height="116" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4b138305-fd7c-409e-bf87-d1faa07fa36b_277x116.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:116,&quot;width&quot;:277,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4832,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvmG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b138305-fd7c-409e-bf87-d1faa07fa36b_277x116.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvmG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b138305-fd7c-409e-bf87-d1faa07fa36b_277x116.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvmG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b138305-fd7c-409e-bf87-d1faa07fa36b_277x116.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvmG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b138305-fd7c-409e-bf87-d1faa07fa36b_277x116.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p> Attention, tous les nombres doivent &#234;tre strictement positifs. En effet, si l'un est n&#233;gatif cela n'a pas de sens pour la vitesse. Si l'un est nul c&#8217;est un cas particulier puisque l&#8217;on avance pas. Mais cela engendre un probl&#232;me plus grave : une division par 0 dans la formule. Et &#231;a... c'est le pire des cataclysmes ! Vous pouvez vous r&#233;f&#233;rer &#224; mon article suivant :</p><p><a href="https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/pourquoi-ne-peut-on-pas-diviser-par">Pourquoi ne peut-on pas diviser par 0 ?</a></p><p></p><p><strong>2.&nbsp;</strong>Sur l'exemple du cycliste nous avons vu que la moyenne harmonique de 20 et 60 vaut 30. Cette valeur est inf&#233;rieure &#224; la moyenne arithm&#233;tique qui vaut 40. On peut se demander si c'est toujours le cas : la r&#233;ponse est oui (sauf dans le cas a = b ou les 2 moyennes sont &#233;gales). Pour le montrer, on peut r&#233;soudre une in&#233;galit&#233; entre la moyenne harmonique de 2 nombres a et b d'un c&#244;t&#233;, et leur moyenne arithm&#233;tique de l'autre.</p><p>En un certain sens, les vitesses les plus faibles "comptent plus" que les grandes vitesses lorsque l'on calcule la vitesse moyenne.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mathsetmat.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Inscrivez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://mathsetmat.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Inscrivez-vous maintenant</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/comment-doubler-sa-vitesse-moyenne?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/comment-doubler-sa-vitesse-moyenne?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[L'énigme des 100 jetons !]]></title><description><![CDATA[Une &#233;nigme &#224; base de jetons qui peut sembler.... impossible ! Pourtant, une solution pas tr&#232;s complexe existe bel et bien ! Saurez-vous la r&#233;soudre !?]]></description><link>https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/lenigme-des-100-jetons</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/lenigme-des-100-jetons</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Mathieu Pascal]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 09 Sep 2022 11:53:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2fefa99a-f257-4c5b-af1d-867312ef6cc7_510x340.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>1. L'&#233;nonc&#233; de l'&#233;nigme</h1><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, je vous propose une &#233;nigme que j&#8217;aime particuli&#232;rement !<br>L&#8217;&#233;nonc&#233; est le suivant :<br>"Vous vous trouvez dans votre chambre, lumi&#232;res &#233;teintes : dans le noir le plus total ! Face &#224; vous se trouve une commode avec un tiroir. Ce dernier est ouvert et contient 100 jetons. Chaque jeton poss&#232;de une face blanche et une face noire (on peut donc intervertir la couleur d&#8217;un jeton en le retournant). Vous savez que 75 jetons sont noirs et les 25 autres sont blancs (mais vous ne savez pas lesquels). Votre objectif consiste &#224; les s&#233;parer en 2 tas (du nombre de jetons que vous souhaitez) de sorte que chacun des 2 tas poss&#232;des le m&#234;me nombre de jetons blancs (et ce de fa&#231;on certaine). Comment proc&#233;der ?"</p><p>R&#233;soudre l&#8217;&#233;nigme consiste donc &#224; d&#233;crire un proc&#233;d&#233; permettant de fabriquer ces 2 tas. Par exemple, si votre m&#233;thode permet de faire &#224; coup s&#251;r un tas de 1 jeton blanc, et un tas de 99 jetons dont un seul est blanc, cela convient !<br>De prime abord, cette &#233;nigme semble&#8230; impossible.</p><p>Et pourtant, il existe bel et bien une solution. Et cette derni&#232;re n&#8217;est pas vraiment complexe, c&#8217;est ce qui est magique dans cette &#233;nigme !</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rU7t!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b16c0a7-3708-4e28-ae8d-2da8198b42ef_553x310.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rU7t!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b16c0a7-3708-4e28-ae8d-2da8198b42ef_553x310.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rU7t!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b16c0a7-3708-4e28-ae8d-2da8198b42ef_553x310.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rU7t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b16c0a7-3708-4e28-ae8d-2da8198b42ef_553x310.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rU7t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b16c0a7-3708-4e28-ae8d-2da8198b42ef_553x310.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rU7t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b16c0a7-3708-4e28-ae8d-2da8198b42ef_553x310.png" width="345" height="193.3996383363472" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0b16c0a7-3708-4e28-ae8d-2da8198b42ef_553x310.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:310,&quot;width&quot;:553,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:345,&quot;bytes&quot;:76886,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rU7t!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b16c0a7-3708-4e28-ae8d-2da8198b42ef_553x310.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rU7t!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b16c0a7-3708-4e28-ae8d-2da8198b42ef_553x310.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rU7t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b16c0a7-3708-4e28-ae8d-2da8198b42ef_553x310.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rU7t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0b16c0a7-3708-4e28-ae8d-2da8198b42ef_553x310.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Attention, la partie suivante pr&#233;sente la solution. Je vous invite &#224; chercher par vous-m&#234;me. Pour cela, munissez-vous d'une feuille, d'un crayon et explorez toutes les pistes qui vous semblent prometteuses !</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><h1>2. La solution sur un exemple</h1><p>Voici un proc&#233;d&#233; permettant de r&#233;soudre l&#8217;&#233;nigme. Je vais commencer par le d&#233;crire, pour nous l&#8217;&#233;tudierons plus en d&#233;tail pour vous convaincre qu&#8217;il fonctionne.<br>&#171; <strong>Faire un tas de 75 jetons et un de 25 jetons au hasard. Retournez les 25 jetons du deuxi&#232;me tas</strong> &#187;.</p><p>Et . . . voil&#224; !</p><p>Regardons de plus pr&#232;s sur un exemple au hasard.</p><ol><li><p>Nous faisons nos 2 tas. Imaginons que le tas 1 de 75 jetons contienne 15 jetons blancs.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qjr1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bb33200-1ffb-425b-b4dc-7143b94e1bdc_724x430.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qjr1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bb33200-1ffb-425b-b4dc-7143b94e1bdc_724x430.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qjr1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bb33200-1ffb-425b-b4dc-7143b94e1bdc_724x430.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qjr1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bb33200-1ffb-425b-b4dc-7143b94e1bdc_724x430.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qjr1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bb33200-1ffb-425b-b4dc-7143b94e1bdc_724x430.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qjr1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bb33200-1ffb-425b-b4dc-7143b94e1bdc_724x430.jpeg" width="481" height="285.6767955801105" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1bb33200-1ffb-425b-b4dc-7143b94e1bdc_724x430.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:430,&quot;width&quot;:724,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:481,&quot;bytes&quot;:25684,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qjr1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bb33200-1ffb-425b-b4dc-7143b94e1bdc_724x430.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qjr1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bb33200-1ffb-425b-b4dc-7143b94e1bdc_724x430.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qjr1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bb33200-1ffb-425b-b4dc-7143b94e1bdc_724x430.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qjr1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bb33200-1ffb-425b-b4dc-7143b94e1bdc_724x430.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li><li><p>Puisqu&#8217;il y a dans le tiroir en tout 25 jetons blancs, il y en a 10 dans le second tas (les 25 moins les 15 du tas 1). Il y a de plus 15 jetons noirs dans le tas 2 (25 jetons dont 10 blancs).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5f9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd5fffa-b29e-4f7e-90b5-6cebbab547bb_726x427.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5f9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd5fffa-b29e-4f7e-90b5-6cebbab547bb_726x427.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5f9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd5fffa-b29e-4f7e-90b5-6cebbab547bb_726x427.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5f9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd5fffa-b29e-4f7e-90b5-6cebbab547bb_726x427.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5f9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd5fffa-b29e-4f7e-90b5-6cebbab547bb_726x427.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5f9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd5fffa-b29e-4f7e-90b5-6cebbab547bb_726x427.jpeg" width="493" height="289.9600550964187" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4fd5fffa-b29e-4f7e-90b5-6cebbab547bb_726x427.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:427,&quot;width&quot;:726,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:493,&quot;bytes&quot;:30521,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5f9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd5fffa-b29e-4f7e-90b5-6cebbab547bb_726x427.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5f9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd5fffa-b29e-4f7e-90b5-6cebbab547bb_726x427.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5f9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd5fffa-b29e-4f7e-90b5-6cebbab547bb_726x427.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5f9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd5fffa-b29e-4f7e-90b5-6cebbab547bb_726x427.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li></ol><p>En retournant les jetons du tas 2, les couleurs s&#8217;&#233;changent : un jeton blanc devient noir, et un noir devient blanc.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gYvq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c09da65-2780-4575-8f8d-a1b473eb0b72_725x425.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gYvq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c09da65-2780-4575-8f8d-a1b473eb0b72_725x425.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gYvq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c09da65-2780-4575-8f8d-a1b473eb0b72_725x425.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gYvq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c09da65-2780-4575-8f8d-a1b473eb0b72_725x425.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gYvq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c09da65-2780-4575-8f8d-a1b473eb0b72_725x425.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gYvq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c09da65-2780-4575-8f8d-a1b473eb0b72_725x425.jpeg" width="499" height="292.51724137931035" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7c09da65-2780-4575-8f8d-a1b473eb0b72_725x425.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:425,&quot;width&quot;:725,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:499,&quot;bytes&quot;:37295,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gYvq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c09da65-2780-4575-8f8d-a1b473eb0b72_725x425.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gYvq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c09da65-2780-4575-8f8d-a1b473eb0b72_725x425.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gYvq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c09da65-2780-4575-8f8d-a1b473eb0b72_725x425.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gYvq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c09da65-2780-4575-8f8d-a1b473eb0b72_725x425.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ceci donne alors dans le tas 2 : 15 blancs et 10 noirs. On a 15 jetons blancs, comme dans le tas 1 : c&#8217;est gagn&#233; !</p><p>Cette technique fonctionne !! Enfin, si le tas 1 contient 15 jetons blancs...</p><p></p><h1>3. La solution g&#233;n&#233;rale</h1><p>Reprenons la solution.<br>&#171; <strong>Faire un tas de 75 jetons et un de 25 jetons au hasard. Retournez les 25 jetons du deuxi&#232;me tas</strong> &#187;.</p><p>Pour l'&#233;tudier dans le cas g&#233;n&#233;ral, nous n'allons plus supposer qu'il y a 15 jetons blancs dans le tas 1. V&#233;rifions que cette technique fonctionne quelque soit ce nombre !</p><p>On repart de nos 2 tas.</p><ol><li><p>Notons b le nombre de jetons blancs dans le tas 1 de 75 jetons (ici b est un entier compris entre 0 et 25 car il y a en tout 25 jetons blancs).</p></li><li><p>Dans le tas 2, il y a 25-b jetons blancs (les 25 de d&#233;part moins ceux du tas 1). Il y a de plus b jetons noirs (pour que le nombre de jetons blancs et noirs soit &#233;gal &#224; 25 : on a bien 25-b+b = 25).</p></li><li><p>Lorsque l&#8217;on retourne les jetons du tas 2, cela donne : 25-b jetons noirs et b jetons blancs. C&#8217;est gagn&#233;, il y a b jetons blancs dans les 2 tas !</p></li></ol><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aHkr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd41442-3e11-4ead-8bbc-30e74508bc7a_729x427.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aHkr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd41442-3e11-4ead-8bbc-30e74508bc7a_729x427.jpeg 424w, 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src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aHkr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd41442-3e11-4ead-8bbc-30e74508bc7a_729x427.jpeg" width="522" height="305.75308641975306" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2fd41442-3e11-4ead-8bbc-30e74508bc7a_729x427.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:427,&quot;width&quot;:729,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:522,&quot;bytes&quot;:38709,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aHkr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd41442-3e11-4ead-8bbc-30e74508bc7a_729x427.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aHkr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd41442-3e11-4ead-8bbc-30e74508bc7a_729x427.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aHkr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd41442-3e11-4ead-8bbc-30e74508bc7a_729x427.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aHkr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fd41442-3e11-4ead-8bbc-30e74508bc7a_729x427.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Magique, non !?</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mathsetmat.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Inscrivez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://mathsetmat.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Inscrivez-vous maintenant</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/lenigme-des-100-jetons?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/lenigme-des-100-jetons?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Un petit jeu Mathématique !]]></title><description><![CDATA[1. Les r&#232;gles du jeu ! Aujourd&#8217;hui, nous allons nous int&#233;resser &#224; un petit jeu &#171; Math&#233;matique &#187;. Ce que j&#8217;entends par l&#224;, c&#8217;est qu&#8217;une petite strat&#233;gie simple, bas&#233;e sur un raisonnement Math&#233;matique, va nous permettre de gagner &#224; coup s&#251;r ! Pour exemple, vous connaissez certainement le jeu des b&#226;tonnets, popularis&#233; par Ford Boyard. Dans celui-ci, 20]]></description><link>https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/math</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/math</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Mathieu Pascal]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 02 Sep 2022 09:57:33 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/83e5718e-7e49-4f4f-b611-139cf03a6392_1920x1280.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>1. Les r&#232;gles du jeu !</h1><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, nous allons nous int&#233;resser &#224; un petit jeu &#171; Math&#233;matique &#187;. Ce que j&#8217;entends par l&#224;, c&#8217;est qu&#8217;une petite strat&#233;gie simple, bas&#233;e sur un raisonnement Math&#233;matique, va nous permettre de gagner &#224; coup s&#251;r !<br>Pour exemple, vous connaissez certainement le jeu des b&#226;tonnets, popularis&#233; par Ford Boyard. Dans celui-ci, 20 <strong>b&#226;tonnets </strong>sont align&#233;s et &#224; tour de r&#244;le les joueurs doivent retirer au choix 1, 2 ou 3 b&#226;tonnets. Celui qui retire le dernier b&#226;tonnet est d&#233;clar&#233; comme &#233;tant le perdant ! Si vous ne connaissez pas l&#8217;astuce pour <strong>gagner &#224; coup s&#251;r</strong>, je vous laisse y r&#233;fl&#233;chir (il s&#8217;agit aussi de savoir si le futur gagnant avec cette strat&#233;gie sera celui qui joue en premier ou en deuxi&#232;me).<br>Voici le jeu du jour ! Un premier joueur (appelons le B) d&#233;cide d&#8217;&#233;crire dans l&#8217;ordre de son choix les nombres de 1 &#224; 10. Cela pourrait donner par exemple :</p><ul><li><p>4 8 9 2 1 6 10 7 3 5</p></li></ul><p>C&#8217;est alors le deuxi&#232;me joueur (A) qui d&#233;bute la partie. Pour cela, il doit choisir un de ces 10 nombres, qui correspondra &#224; un nombre de points (le but &#233;tant d&#8217;en avoir plus que l&#8217;adversaire). La seule contrainte est la suivante : il doit choisir un nombre d&#8217;une des <strong>2 extr&#233;mit&#233;s</strong> (soit le plus &#224; gauche, soit le plus &#224; droite).<br>Ici, cela lui donne 2 possibilit&#233;s : le 4 et le 5. Disons qu&#8217;il choisisse le 5 (qui est plus grand). Celui-ci est retir&#233;, et le jeu se poursuit avec le joueur B qui choisit un nombre de la m&#234;me fa&#231;on.<br>Chaque joueur va au total choisir <strong>5 nombres</strong>, ce qui lui donne un total de points. Est d&#233;clar&#233; vainqueur celui qui en poss&#232;de le plus !<br>Regardons une partie possible.</p><ul><li><p>4 8 9 2 1 6 10 7 3 5   A choisit 5</p></li><li><p>4 8 9 2 1 6 10 7 3   B choisit 4</p></li><li><p>8 9 2 1 6 10 7 3   A choisit 8</p></li><li><p>9 2 1 6 10 7 3   B choisit 9</p></li><li><p>2 1 6 10 7 3   A choisit 3</p></li><li><p>2 1 6 10 7   B choisit 7</p></li><li><p>2 1 6 10   A choisit 10</p></li><li><p>2 1 6   B choisit 6</p></li><li><p>2 1   A choisit 2</p></li><li><p>1   B choisit 1</p></li></ul><p>Faisons les comptes ! A : 5 + 8 + 3 + 10 + 2 = 28 points et B : 4 + 9 + 7 + 6 + 1 = 27 points<br>Le vainqueur est donc A !</p><p>Vous avez peut-&#234;tre remarqu&#233; la strat&#233;gie utilis&#233;e par les 2 joueurs : chacun prend &#224; chaque tour le plus grand nombre des 2 qu&#8217;il peut choisir.<br>Qu&#8217;en pensez-vous ? Cela pourrait avantager A, qui d&#233;bute la partie. Cependant, B qui choisit l&#8217;ordre pourrait s&#8217;arranger pour choisir un ordre le favorisant&#8230; Comment &#234;tre certain qu&#8217;un des 2 joueurs peut gagner toutes les parties ?</p><p></p><h1>2. Une strat&#233;gie optimale !</h1><p>Je vais ici d&#233;tailler une strat&#233;gie permettant au joueur&#8230;&#8230;. A de <strong>gagner &#224; coup s&#251;r</strong> !<br>Faisons une premi&#232;re remarque. La somme des nombres de 1 &#224; 10 est &#233;gale &#224; 55 (je vous laisse le v&#233;rifier). Pour gagner, il faut donc avoir &#224; minima <strong>28 points</strong> (vous noterez qu&#8217;il n&#8217;est pas possible d&#8217;avoir match nul !).<br>Imaginons l&#8217;ordre suivant pour d&#233;buter une partie :</p><ul><li><p>10 8 9 6 1 7 3 5 4 2</p></li></ul><p>Il est raisonnable de penser que nous devons nous ruer sur le 10 (&#224; place du 2 !). D&#233;trompez-vous, cela serait une grosse <strong>erreur </strong>! Cela parait absurde, et pourtant&#8230;.<br>Je vous propose de mettre cela en couleur :</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqH3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2198a6e-76b2-4c26-b183-3de6c4c3a2d3_229x46.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqH3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2198a6e-76b2-4c26-b183-3de6c4c3a2d3_229x46.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqH3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2198a6e-76b2-4c26-b183-3de6c4c3a2d3_229x46.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqH3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2198a6e-76b2-4c26-b183-3de6c4c3a2d3_229x46.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqH3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2198a6e-76b2-4c26-b183-3de6c4c3a2d3_229x46.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqH3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2198a6e-76b2-4c26-b183-3de6c4c3a2d3_229x46.png" width="229" height="46" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f2198a6e-76b2-4c26-b183-3de6c4c3a2d3_229x46.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:46,&quot;width&quot;:229,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4294,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqH3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2198a6e-76b2-4c26-b183-3de6c4c3a2d3_229x46.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqH3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2198a6e-76b2-4c26-b183-3de6c4c3a2d3_229x46.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqH3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2198a6e-76b2-4c26-b183-3de6c4c3a2d3_229x46.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GqH3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2198a6e-76b2-4c26-b183-3de6c4c3a2d3_229x46.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Je colorie un nombre sur 2 en rouge, et un sur 2 en bleu. Lorsque je joue, je peux m&#8217;assurer de prendre toujours un nombre <strong>de la m&#234;me couleur</strong>. Par exemple, je peux commencer par le 2. Le joueur B sera alors forc&#233; de prendre un nombre rouge. A mon tour, j&#8217;aurai le choix entre un bleu et un rouge, je prends le bleu. B sera forc&#233; de prendre un rouge&#8230;<br>Au final, j&#8217;aurais engrang&#233; tous les nombres bleus et B tous les rouges.</p><p><br>Vous voyez la technique ? Il faut choisir la couleur dont les points sont <strong>au moins &#233;gaux &#224; 28 </strong>! Pour cela, il suffit de compter dans sa t&#234;te la somme d&#8217;un nombre sur 2, pour d&#233;terminer la liste gagnante. Il s&#8217;agit ensuite de tous les r&#233;cup&#233;rer !<br>Illustrons cela sur l&#8217;exemple.<br>Je compte en rouge : 10 + 9 + 1 + 3 + 4 = 27 points. Je sais donc imm&#233;diatement que la <strong>liste rouge est perdante</strong> (on compterait en bleu 28 points).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMNT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00006f8b-596d-4bd2-9596-07c17c68f2d1_480x402.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMNT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00006f8b-596d-4bd2-9596-07c17c68f2d1_480x402.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMNT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00006f8b-596d-4bd2-9596-07c17c68f2d1_480x402.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMNT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00006f8b-596d-4bd2-9596-07c17c68f2d1_480x402.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMNT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00006f8b-596d-4bd2-9596-07c17c68f2d1_480x402.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMNT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00006f8b-596d-4bd2-9596-07c17c68f2d1_480x402.png" width="480" height="402" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/00006f8b-596d-4bd2-9596-07c17c68f2d1_480x402.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:402,&quot;width&quot;:480,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:64431,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMNT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00006f8b-596d-4bd2-9596-07c17c68f2d1_480x402.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMNT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00006f8b-596d-4bd2-9596-07c17c68f2d1_480x402.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMNT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00006f8b-596d-4bd2-9596-07c17c68f2d1_480x402.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMNT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00006f8b-596d-4bd2-9596-07c17c68f2d1_480x402.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Cet exemple illustre bien qu&#8217;&#224; chaque tour, B est forc&#233; de prendre un nombre rouge, tandis que nous r&#233;coltons tous les bleus, et la victoire qui en d&#233;coule !<br>Notre choix initial de prendre le 2 &#224; la place du 10 peut laisser sugg&#233;rer &#224; l&#8217;adversaire que nous sommes na&#239;fs, alors que c&#8217;est lui qui tombe dans un pi&#232;ge, n&#8217;ayant aucune chance de gagner !</p><p><br>Pour se faciliter la t&#226;che, nous pouvons r&#233;sumer la strat&#233;gie gagnante comme suit :<br>&#171; <strong>1. </strong>J&#8217;identifie la suite gagnante. Pour cela, je fais mentalement la somme des points en prenant un nombre sur 2 en partant du premier &#224; gauche. Si cette somme vaut au moins 28, je la choisis, sinon je prends l&#8217;autre &#187;.<br><strong>2.</strong> Je commence par prendre le premier nombre de cette liste.<br><strong>3</strong>. Si B prend le nombre de gauche, je prends celui de gauche. S&#8217;il prend celui de droite, je prends celui de droite. En fait, je joue toujours du m&#234;me c&#244;t&#233; que lui &#187;.</p><p>Et le tour est jou&#233; ! Voil&#224; comment un petit raisonnement Math&#233;matique peut nous mener vers des <strong>strat&#233;gies gagnante</strong>s ! Ceci n&#8217;avait rien d&#8217;intuitif, il paraissait difficile &#224; premi&#232;re vue d&#8217;assurer la victoire &#224; l&#8217;un des 2 joueurs ! Bien s&#251;r, si les 2 joueurs connaissent cette strat&#233;gie, le jeu perd de son int&#233;r&#234;t&#8230;</p><p><br>C&#8217;est par exemple le cas du jeu du morpion, ou il est facile de comprendre comment faire match nul &#224; coup s&#251;r.<br>Dans ces situations, on parle de jeu &#171; <strong>r&#233;solu </strong>&#187;, en ce sens que l&#8217;on connait une strat&#233;gie figeant &#224; l&#8217;avance le sort de la partie.<br>Un exemple c&#233;l&#232;bre est celui du jeu d&#8217;<strong>&#233;checs</strong>. L&#8217;ordinateur bat aujourd&#8217;hui tr&#232;s facilement tous les &#234;tres humains. Cependant, nous ne savons pas si le jeu de l&#8217;ordinateur est parfait. Aujourd&#8217;hui, beaucoup pensent qu&#8217;il doit exister une strat&#233;gie assurant &#224; coup s&#251;r le match nul. Mais nous sommes loin d&#8217;en &#234;tre s&#251;r, et encore plus loin de pouvoir consid&#233;rer une telle strat&#233;gie !</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mathsetmat.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Inscrivez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://mathsetmat.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Inscrivez-vous maintenant</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/math?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://mathsetmat.substack.com/p/math?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>